| Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, 'A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.' This nonverbal 'spatial' thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, 'The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.' When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. | |
| 有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金•弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。” 这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特•法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。” 当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。 |
| Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, ' A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.' This nonverbal ' spatial' thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, ' The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.' When all these shaping forces schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. | |
| you le zhe zhong dui ji shu ge xin de le guan tai du, mei guo gong ren hen kuai bian xi guan le ji xie ji shu xu yao de na zhong te bie de fei yu yan de si wei fang shi. zheng ru you jin fu ge sen ceng zhi chu de:" ji shu ren yuan si kao nei xie bu neng bei jian hua wei yong ming que de yu yan jin xing miao shu de wu ti zhei xie wu ti zai ta de tou nao zhong yi shi jue xing de fei yu yan xing de fang shi bei chu li jia gong she ji zhe he fa ming zhe neng ba nei xie shang bu cun zai de ji xie zai tou nao zhong zu zhuang he cao zuo." zhe zhong fei yu yan de kong jian si wei fang shi yu hui hua he xie zuo yi yang ju you chuang yi. luo bo te fa ou ceng xie dao:" ji shu ren yuan zuo zai gang gan luo ding xie zi lun zi deng zhong jian, ru tong yi wei shi ren chu zai ci hui zhi zhong, ying gai ba ta men kan zuo shi zi ji si xiang de yi zhong biao da, mei yi ge xin de zu he dou neng chuan da yi ge xin de yi nian." dang suo you zhei xie cheng yin xue xiao kai fang de tai du jiang shang zhi du ji kong jian si wei tian fu zai fu rao de mei guo da lu shang xiang hu zuo yong shi, bian zao jiu le mei guo ren de te dian jing zheng. jin tian zhe ge ci jin biao shi" mo fang" qu qi fang xiao zhi yi, er zai zao qi mei guo, ta que yi wei zhe wei ming yu he you xiu er jin xing you hao jing zheng de pin bo. |
| Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, ' A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.' This nonverbal ' spatial' thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, ' The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.' When all these shaping forces schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking interacted with one another on the rich U. S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. | |
| yǒu le zhè zhǒng duì jì shù gé xīn de lè guān tài dù, měi guó gōng rén hěn kuài biàn xí guàn le jī xiè jì shù xū yào de nà zhǒng tè bié de fēi yǔ yán de sī wéi fāng shì. zhèng rú yóu jīn fú gé sēn céng zhǐ chū de:" jì shù rén yuán sī kǎo nèi xiē bù néng bèi jiǎn huà wéi yòng míng què de yǔ yán jìn xíng miáo shù de wù tǐ zhèi xiē wù tǐ zài tā de tóu nǎo zhōng yǐ shì jué xìng de fēi yǔ yán xìng de fāng shì bèi chǔ lǐ jiā gōng shè jì zhě hé fā míng zhě néng bǎ nèi xiē shàng bù cún zài de jī xiè zài tóu nǎo zhōng zǔ zhuāng hé cāo zuò." zhè zhǒng fēi yǔ yán de kōng jiān sī wéi fāng shì yǔ huì huà hé xiě zuò yí yàng jù yǒu chuàng yì. luó bó tè fǎ ōu céng xiě dào:" jì shù rén yuán zuò zài gàng gǎn luó dīng xiē zǐ lún zi děng zhōng jiān, rú tóng yī wèi shī rén chǔ zài cí huì zhī zhōng, yīng gāi bǎ tā men kàn zuò shì zì jǐ sī xiǎng de yī zhǒng biǎo dá, měi yí gè xīn de zǔ hé dōu néng chuán dá yí gè xīn de yì niàn." dāng suǒ yǒu zhèi xiē chéng yīn xué xiào kāi fàng de tài dù jiǎng shǎng zhì dù jí kōng jiān sī wéi tiān fù zài fù ráo de měi guó dà lù shàng xiàng hù zuò yòng shí, biàn zào jiù le měi guó rén de tè diǎn jìng zhēng. jīn tiān zhè gè cí jǐn biǎo shì" mó fǎng" qǔ qí fǎng xiào zhī yì, ér zài zǎo qī měi guó, tā què yì wèi zhe wéi míng yù hé yōu xiù ér jìn xíng yǒu hǎo jìng zhēng de pīn bó. |
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