| In the last half of the 19th century 'capital' and 'labor' were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. | |
| 19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。而且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力，向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。与此同时，大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。 |
| In the last half of the 19th century ' capital' and ' labor' were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and stateowned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. | |
| 19 shi ji hou ban ye," zi fang" he" lao fang" an xian dai fang shi bu duan kuo da bing ge zi wan shan xiang hu dui li de zu zhi. xu duo jiu shi qi ye bei you xian ze ren gong si suo qu dai, you ling xin jing li gou cheng qi guan li ji gou. zhe zhong bian ge tong guo pin yong da liang zhuan ye ren yuan lai shi ying xin shi dai de ji shu yao qiu, bing fang zhi le xiao lv de jiang di, er zai guo qu zhe zhong di xiao lv shi de xu duo jiu shi jia zu qi ye zai jing li chong pei de chuang ye zhe zhi hou de di er san dai shou zhong po chan dao bi. er qie zhe ye shi gong si bai tuo ge ti chuang zao li, xiang ji ti hua he shi ying guo ying mai chu de yi bu. tie lu gong si, sui ran reng shi wei gu dong mou li de si you qi ye, dan hai shi yu jiu jia zu qi ye da bu xiang tong le. yu ci tong shi, dai cheng shi de shi zheng fu ye kai shi she zu shi ye jie, wei na shui ren ti gong zhao ming dian che ji qi ta fu wu. |
| In the last half of the 19th century ' capital' and ' labor' were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and stateowned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. | |
| 19 shì jì hòu bàn yè," zī fāng" hé" láo fāng" àn xiàn dài fāng shì bù duàn kuò dà bìng gè zì wán shàn xiāng hù duì lì de zǔ zhī. xǔ duō jiù shì qǐ yè bèi yǒu xiàn zé rèn gōng sī suǒ qǔ dài, yóu lǐng xīn jīng lǐ gòu chéng qí guǎn lǐ jī gòu. zhè zhǒng biàn gé tōng guò pìn yòng dà liàng zhuān yè rén yuán lái shì yìng xīn shí dài de jì shù yāo qiú, bìng fáng zhǐ le xiào lǜ de jiàng dī, ér zài guò qù zhè zhǒng dī xiào lǜ shǐ de xǔ duō jiù shì jiā zú qǐ yè zài jīng lì chōng pèi de chuàng yè zhě zhī hòu de dì èr sān dài shǒu zhōng pò chǎn dǎo bì. ér qiě zhè yě shì gōng sī bǎi tuō gè tǐ chuàng zào lì, xiàng jí tǐ huà hé shì yíng guó yíng mài chū de yī bù. tiě lù gōng sī, suī rán réng shì wèi gǔ dōng móu lì de sī yǒu qǐ yè, dàn hái shì yǔ jiù jiā zú qǐ yè dà bù xiāng tóng le. yú cǐ tóng shí, dài chéng shì de shì zhèng fǔ yě kāi shǐ shè zú shí yè jiè, wèi nà shuì rén tí gōng zhào míng diàn chē jí qí tā fú wù. |
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