| With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. 'Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,' says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, 'We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.' The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. 'First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.' | |
| 癌症现有种类多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究人员在70年代早期取得了很大进展，他们发现导致癌症的癌基因在正常细胞里是不活跃的。从宇宙射线、辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都可能激活一个处于静止状态下的致癌基因，但如何激活尚不为人知。如果若干癌基因被激活，细胞无力排除也就演变成了癌细胞。 导致癌变的确切机制仍是个谜，但许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。 “变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉•海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。” 治癌前景尽管遥远，但已越来越明朗。 “首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制自己。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因对至少部分麻烦总是负有责任。如果我们能弄清癌症的活动规律，我们就能采取相应的措施。 |
| With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancercausing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. ' Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,' says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated as Hayward points out, ' We can' t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.' The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. ' First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.' | |
| ai zheng xian you zhong lei duo da 120 duo zhong, fa xian qi gui lv shi shu bu yi. yan jiu ren yuan zai 70 nian dai zao qi qu de le hen da jin zhan, ta men fa xian dao zhi ai zheng de ai ji yin zai zheng chang xi bao li shi bu huo yue de. cong yu zhou she xian fu she dao ri chang yin shi, ren he dong xi dou ke neng ji huo yi ge chu yu jing zhi zhuang tai xia de zhi ai ji yin, dan ru he ji huo shang bu wei ren zhi. ru guo ruo gan ai ji yin bei ji huo, xi bao wu li pai chu ye jiu yan bian cheng le ai xi bao. dao zhi ai bian di que qie ji zhi reng shi ge mi, dan xu duo ai zheng shi yu ji yin zhe yi ke neng xing biao ming wo men jiang yong yuan bu neng yu fang suo you ai zheng. " bian hua shi jin hua guo cheng zhong de yi ge zheng chang bu fen," zhong liu zhuan jia wei lian hai wo de shuo dao. huan jing yin su yong yuan wu fa wan quan xiao chu, zheng ru hai wo de suo zhi chu de na yang:" wo men wu fa zhun bei chu yi zhong kang yu zhou she xian de yao." zhi ai qian jing jin guan yao yuan, dan yi yue lai yue ming lang. " shou xian, wo men xu yao liao jie zheng chang xi bao ru he kong zhi zi ji. qi ci, wo men bi xu cha ming xi bao zhong shi fou you yi ding shu liang de ji yin dui zhi shao bu fen ma fan zong shi fu you ze ren. ru guo wo men neng nong qing ai zheng de huo dong gui lv, wo men jiu neng cai qu xiang ying de cuo shi. |
| With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancercausing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. ' Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,' says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated as Hayward points out, ' We can' t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.' The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. ' First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.' | |
| ái zhèng xiàn yǒu zhǒng lèi duō dá 120 duō zhǒng, fā xiàn qí guī lǜ shí shǔ bù yì. yán jiū rén yuán zài 70 nián dài zǎo qī qǔ de le hěn dà jìn zhǎn, tā men fā xiàn dǎo zhì ái zhèng de ái jī yīn zài zhèng cháng xì bāo lǐ shì bù huó yuè de. cóng yǔ zhòu shè xiàn fú shè dào rì cháng yǐn shí, rèn hé dōng xī dōu kě néng jī huó yí gè chǔ yú jìng zhǐ zhuàng tài xià de zhì ái jī yīn, dàn rú hé jī huó shàng bù wéi rén zhī. rú guǒ ruò gān ái jī yīn bèi jī huó, xì bāo wú lì pái chú yě jiù yǎn biàn chéng le ái xì bāo. dǎo zhì ái biàn dí què qiè jī zhì réng shì gè mí, dàn xǔ duō ái zhèng shǐ yú jī yīn zhè yī kě néng xìng biǎo míng wǒ men jiāng yǒng yuǎn bù néng yù fáng suǒ yǒu ái zhèng. " biàn huà shì jìn huà guò chéng zhōng de yí gè zhèng cháng bù fèn," zhǒng liú zhuān jiā wēi lián hǎi wò dé shuō dào. huán jìng yīn sù yǒng yuǎn wú fǎ wán quán xiāo chú, zhèng rú hǎi wò dé suǒ zhǐ chū de nà yàng:" wǒ men wú fǎ zhǔn bèi chū yī zhǒng kàng yǔ zhòu shè xiàn de yào." zhì ái qián jǐng jǐn guǎn yáo yuǎn, dàn yǐ yuè lái yuè míng lǎng. " shǒu xiān, wǒ men xū yào liǎo jiě zhèng cháng xì bāo rú hé kòng zhì zì jǐ. qí cì, wǒ men bì xū chá míng xì bāo zhōng shì fǒu yǒu yí dìng shù liàng de jī yīn duì zhì shǎo bù fèn má fán zǒng shì fù yǒu zé rèn. rú guǒ wǒ men néng nòng qīng ái zhèng de huó dòng guī lǜ, wǒ men jiù néng cǎi qǔ xiāng yìng de cuò shī. |
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