|
For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild. So, by sampling different situations, a researcher can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation. Having discussed ways to sample behaviour in research, we are now moving onto another issue, that is, what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs, that is, whether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour. This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as " observation with intervention" or " observation without intervention". Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways, participant observation and field experiment. In participant observation, observers, that is researchers, play a dual role: They observe people' s behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing. If individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present to collect information about their behaviour, this is undisguised participant observation. But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed. |
|
bǐ rú, hái zi men duì dài fù qīn huò mǔ qīn de tài dù bìng bù zǒng shì yí yàng de. zài dòng wù yuán lǐ de dòng wù hé zài yě wài de dòng wù xíng wéi biǎo xiàn yě bù jìn xiāng tóng. yīn cǐ, xiāng bǐ jiào yú tè dìng de qíng jǐng, tōng guò cǎi qǔ bù tóng de qíng jǐng, yán jiū zhě kě yǐ jìn xíng gèng kè guān de guān chá. zài tǎo lùn liǎo rú hé zài yán jiū zhōng jìn xíng xíng wéi chōu yàng zhī hòu, wǒ men xiàn zài zhuǎn yí dào lìng yí gè wèn tí, nà jiù shì, zài háng wèi fā shēng de shí hòu, yán jiū rén yuán yīng gāi zuò shí mǒ lái jì lù xíng wéi, yě jiù shì shuō yán jiū rén yuán zài jì lù xíng wéi guò chéng zhōng shì zhǔ dòng hái shì bèi dòng de. zhè zhǐ de shì guān chá de fāng fǎ. guān chá fāng fǎ kě yǐ fēn wéi" gàn yù guān chá" hé" bù gàn yù guān chá". jìn xíng gàn yù guān chá de fāng fǎ zhì shǎo yǒu liǎng zhǒng, jí cān yù guān chá fǎ hé xiàn chǎng shì yàn fǎ. zài cān yù guān chá fǎ zhōng, guān chá rén yuán, jí yán jiū rén yuán, bàn yǎn shuāng chóng jué sè: tā men jì guān chá rén men de xíng wéi, yòu jī jí zhǔ dòng dì róng rù dào tā men zhèng zài guān chá de qíng jìng zhōng. rú guǒ bèi guān chá de rén zhī dào guàn chá zhě zài shōu jí guān yú tā men xíng wéi de xìn xī, zhè chēng wéi gōng kāi de cān yù guān chá. dàn zài fēi gōng kāi cān yù guān chá zhōng, nèi xiē bèi guān chá de rén zé bù zhī dào yǒu rén zài guān chá tā men. |