Dunfermline Abbey is one of those places where you can almost smell tragedy in the stonework. Pretty much everything you see here was built, or rather rebuilt, after 1303. It was in that year that Edward I, in one of his murderously vindictive tantrums, torched the place, burnt it to the ground. He was, as usual, making a point. To smash up a royal mausoleum was to strike directly at Scotland's sense of independent history. The greatest symbol of that independence, as always, was Stirling. Its surrender took the fight out of the Scots.


邓弗林修道院也是其中之一，你依然可以从那砖墙瓦缝间，嗅到历史的悲剧气息。你在此看到的一切，几乎都建造，或者说重建于1303年之后。也就是那一年，爱德华一世强劲的复仇之火，在这熊熊燃烧，将整座修道院夷为平地。一如既往地 他想以此告诫敌人，摧毁一座皇家陵园。实际上是摧毁了苏格兰人民对独立民族史的认同感。一直以来，苏格兰独立的象征都是斯特林，它的沦陷使苏格兰人放弃了抵抗。